how does AASHTO provide for the effective flange width of a steel beam or girder bridge that does not have the required effective flange width along the outside coping beam? Can a designer still use the total effective flange width even if it is not centered on the beam? Is it the designer's...
i have found this problem myself. with modern computer software, it is rare to find references. however, i have one absolutely excellent example:
"Bridge Design for the Civil and Structural Professional Engineering
Exams" by Robert H. Kim, MSCE, PE and Jai B. Kim, Phd, PE
I am not...
IS THERE A WAY TO CREATE A BOUNDARY AROUND TEXT TO BLOCK OUT WHATEVER IS BEHIND THE TEXT, (i.e. LINES, etc.). IT WOULD CLOSELY RESEMBLE WHAT THE ISLAND IN HATCH DOES.
THANKS
