There seems to be a lot of "loose talk" on this and other posts, mostly arising from the need to provide simple answers to people who have not had the benefit of a comprehensive course in fluid/aero-dynamics. To say that compressibility effects are not seen until M ~ 0.8 is an...
There is a "compressible form" of Bernoulli's equation for cases where Mach No > about 0.3. In such conditions density cannot be assumed to be constant.
Colinp got it wrong insofar as horizontal tails are almost always of lower aspect ratio (and lower lift-curve slope) than the wing.
Renfrew's guess is correct : If the sign convention specifies Lift as positive UPWARDS all lift terms will be depicted as UPWARDS, the actual value (including...
Shapiro: Shape and Flow, 1961 by Ascher Shapiro
In 1961 Shapiro produced a splendid movie, entitled "Shape and Flow" which was very popular as a teaching tool in Fluid Mech. This book probably has excellent pictures.
Rich
You can remove the hump in the spanwise loading by using washout - twist the wing so that the incidence of the airfoils decreases from root to tip.
A good starting point would be "Theory of Flight" by Richard von Mises, Pub. by Dover. This covers the aerodynamic analysis of the propeller using the "blade-element theory." It is old (coyright 1945) but the the theoretical treatment is thorough and there is lots of...
Mark
The simplest approach (in my opinion) is that downwash behind a wing comes in two flavors :
(1) vortices that trail from (near) the wingtips cause downwash inboard of the tips and upwash outboard.
(2) Newtons's law that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction - the lift on...
